Egypt Population: 99,413,317

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 History
The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty from Britain in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population as it implements far-reaching economic reforms, including the reduction of select subsidies, large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals. Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new parliament was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muhammad MURSI won the presidential election. Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MURSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MURSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and expression. In January 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and in May 2014 elected former defense minister Abdelfattah ELSISI president. Egypt elected a new legislature in December 2015, its first parliament since 2012. ELSISI was reelected to a second four-year term in March 2018. In April 2019, Egypt approved via national referendum a set of constitutional amendments extending ELSISI’s term in office through 2024 and possibly through 2030 if re-elected for a third term. The amendments would also allow future presidents up to two consecutive six-year terms in office, re-establish the senate, allow for one or more vice presidents, establish a 25% quota for female parliamentarians, reaffirm the military’s role as guardian of Egypt, and expand presidential authority to appointment the heads of judicial councils.

 Geography
    Controls Sinai Peninsula, the only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees from Sudan and the Palestinian territories
Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula
Geographic coordinates: 27 00 N, 30 00 E
Area: total: 1,001,450 sq km
land: 995,450 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km

Size comparison: more than eight times the size of Ohio; slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico
Land Boundaries: total: 2,612 km border countries (4): Gaza Strip 13 km, Israel 208 km, Libya 1115 km, Sudan 1276 km
Coastline: 2,450 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or the equidistant median line with Cyprus
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
Terrain: vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc
Land use: agricultural land: 3.6% (2011 est.) arable land: 2.8% (2011 est.)
permanent crops: 0.8% (2011 est.) permanent pasture: 0% (2011 est.) forest: 0.1% (2011 est.)
other: 96.3% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land: 36,500 sq km (2012)
Natural hazards: periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes; flash floods; landslides; hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring; dust storms; sandstorms
Current Environment Issues: agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources
International Environment Agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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 People
Nationality: noun: Egyptian(s)
adjective: Egyptian
Ethnic groups: Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.) note: data represent respondents by nationality
Languages: Arabic (official), Arabic, English, and French widely understood by educated classes
Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 90%, Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican) 10% (2015 est.)
Population: 99,413,317 (July 2018 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 33.38% (male 17,177,977 /female 16,007,877)
15-24 years: 18.65% (male 9,551,309 /female 8,988,006)
25-54 years: 37.71% (male 19,053,300 /female 18,431,808)
55-64 years: 5.99% (male 2,956,535 /female 2,995,497)
65 years and over: 4.28% (male 2,058,217 /female 2,192,791) (2018 est.)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 61.8 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 53.6 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 8.2 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 12.2 (2015 est.)
Median age: total: 23.9 years
male: 23.6 years
female: 24.3 years (2018 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.38% (2018 est.)
Birth rate: 28.8 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
Death rate: 4.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 42.7% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 1.86% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 20.076 million CAIRO (capital)
5.086 million Alexandria (2018)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth: 22.7 years (2014 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 25-29
Maternal mortality rate: 33 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 18.3 deaths/1,000 live births male: 19.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.2 years male: 71.8 years
female: 74.7 years (2018 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.41 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 58.5% (2014)
Physicians density: 0.79 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Hospital bed density: 1.6 beds/1,000 population (2014)
Drinking water source: improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 99% of population
total: 99.4% of population

unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 1% of population
total: 0.6% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved:
urban: 96.8% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 93.1% of population (2015 est.)
total: 94.7% of population (2015 est.)

unimproved:
urban: 3.2% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 6.9% of population (2015 est.)
total: 5.3% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: <.1% (2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 16,000 (2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: <500 (2017 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 32% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 7% (2014)
Education expenditures: n/a
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2017 est.)
total population: 80.8%
male: 86.5%
female: 75% (2017 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 13 years male: 13 years female: 13 years (2016)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 29.6% male: 25.7% female: 38.3% (2017 est.)
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 Government
Country name: conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form: Egypt
local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
local short form: Misr
former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)
etymology: the English name "Egypt" derives from the ancient Greek name for the country "Aigyptos"; the Arabic name "Misr" can be traced to the ancient Akkadian "misru" meaning border or frontier
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Cairo
geographic coordinates: 30 03 N, 31 15 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: from the Arabic "al-Qahira," meaning "the victorious"
Administrative divisions: 27 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazat); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo), Al Qalyubiyah, Al Uqsur (Luxor), Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina' (North Sinai), Suhaj
Independence: 28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status; the military-led revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956); note - it was ca. 3200 B.C. that the Two Lands of Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt were first united politically
National holiday: Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)
Constitution: history: several previous; latest approved by a constitutional committee in December 2013, approved by referendum held on 14-15 January 2014, ratified by interim president on 19 January 2014 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by one-fifth of the House of Representatives members; a decision to accept the proposal requires majority vote by House members; passage of amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote by House members and passage by majority vote in a referendum; articles of reelection of the president and principles of freedom not amendable unless the amendment "brings more guarantees;" amended 2019 (2019)
Legal system: mixed legal system based on Napoleonic civil and penal law, Islamic religious law, and vestiges of colonial-era laws; judicial review of the constitutionality of laws by the Supreme Constitutional Court
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch: chief of state: President Abdelfattah ELSISI (since 8 June 2014)

head of government: Prime Minister Mostafa MADBOULY (since 7 June 2018); note - Prime Minister Sherif ISMAIL (since 12 September 2015) resigned 6 June 2018

cabinet: Cabinet ministers nominated by the executive authorities and approved by the House of Representatives elections/appointments: president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 26-28 March 2018 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of Representatives;

note: the presidential term was extended from 4 to 6 years, following approval in a constitutional amendment approved by referendum in April 2019

election results: Abdelfattah ELSISI reelected president in first round; percent of valid votes cast - Abdelfattah ELSISI (independent) 97.1%, Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA (El Ghad Party) 2.9%; note - more than 7% of ballots cast were deemed invalid
Legislative branch: description: unicameral House of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nowaab) (596 seats; 448 members directly elected by individual candidacy system, 120 members - with quotas for women, youth, Christians and workers - elected in party-list constituencies by simple majority popular vote, and 28 members appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms; note - inaugural session held on 10 January 2016 note : a referendum held in April 2019, approved a constitutional amendment - effective following the 2020 election - to restore the upper chamber of the legislative body, designated the Senate, with 180 seats - 60 members to be appointed by the president and 120 members to be directly elected; the amendment also calls for the reduction of the existing People's Assembly from 596 to 450 seats

elections: multi-phase election completed on 16 December 2015 (next to be held in 2020)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -- Free Egyptians Party 65, Future of the Nation 53, New Wafd Party 36, Homeland's Protector Party 18, Republican People's Party 13, Congress Party 12, Al-Nour Party 11, Conservative Party 6, Democratic Peace Party 5, Egyptian National Movement 4, Egyptian Social Democratic Party 4, Modern Egypt Party 4, Freedom Party 3, My Homeland Egypt Party 3, Reform and Development Party 3, National Progressive Unionist Party 2, Arab Democratic Nasserist Party 1, El Serh El Masry el Hor 1, Revolutionary Guards Party 1, independent 351; composition - men 507, women 89, percent of women 14.9%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) (consists of the court president and 10 justices); the SCC serves as the final court of arbitration on the constitutionality of laws and conflicts between lower courts regarding jurisdiction and rulings; Court of Cassation (CC) (consists of the court president and 550 judges organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the CC is the highest appeals body for civil and criminal cases, also known as "ordinary justices"; Supreme Administrative Court (SAC) (consists of the court president andn/ajudges and organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the SAC is the highest court of the State Council judge selection and term of office: under the 2014 constitution, all judges and justices selected and appointed by the Supreme Judiciary Council and approved as a formality by the president of the Republic; judges appointed for life; under the 2019 amendments, the president has the power to appoint heads of judiciary authorities and courts, the prosecutor general, and the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court; this new power institutionalizes a process President ELSISI established by decree in 2017

subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; courts of limited jurisdiction; Family Court (established in 2004)
Political parties and leaders: Al-Nour [Yunis MAKHYUN] Arab Democratic Nasserist Party [Dr. Mohamed ABDUL ELLA ] Congress Party [Omar Al-Mokhtar SEMIDA] Conservative Party [Akmal KOURTAM] Democratic Peace Party [Ahmed FADALY] Egyptian National Movement Party [Gen. Raouf EL SAYED] Egyptian Social Democratic Party [Farid ZAHRAN] El Ghad Party [Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA] El Serh El Masry el Hor [Tarek Ahmed Abbas NADIM] Freedom Party [Salah HASSABALAH] Free Egyptians Party [Essam KHALIL] Homeland’s Protector Party [Lt. Gen. (retired) Galal AL-HARIDI] Modern Egypt Party [Nabil DEIBIS] Nation's Future Party (Mostaqbal Watan) [Mohamed Ashraf RASHAD] My Homeland Egypt Party [Gen. Seif El Islam ABDEL BARY ] National Progressive Unionist (Tagammu) Party [Sayed Abdel AAL] Reform and Development Party [Mohamad Anwar al-SADAT] Republican People’s Party [Hazim AMR] Revolutionary Guards Party [Magdy EL-SHARIF] Wafd Party [Bahaa ABU SHOKA]
International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CD, CICA, COMESA, D-8, EBRD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
National symbol(s): golden eagle, white lotus;
national colors: red, white, black
National anthem: name: "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)
lyrics/music: Younis-al QADI/Sayed DARWISH

note: adopted 1979; the current anthem, less militaristic than the previous one, was created after the signing of the 1979 peace treaty with Israel; Sayed DARWISH, commonly considered the father of modern Egyptian music, composed the anthem
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Yasser REDA (since 19 September 2015)
chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 895-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 244-5131
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas H. GOLDBERGER (since 30 June 2017)
embassy: 5 Tawfik Diab St., Garden City, Cairo
mailing address: Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900; 5 Tawfik Diab Street, Garden City, Cairo
telephone: [20-2] 2797-3300
FAX: [20-2] 2797-3200
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 Economy
Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley where most economic activity takes place. Egypt's economy was highly centralized during the rule of former President Gamal Abdel NASSER but opened up considerably under former Presidents Anwar EL-SADAT and Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK. Agriculture, hydrocarbons, manufacturing, tourism, and other service sectors drove the country’s relatively diverse economic activity. Despite Egypt’s mixed record for attracting foreign investment over the past two decades, poor living conditions and limited job opportunities have contributed to public discontent. These socioeconomic pressures were a major factor leading to the January 2011 revolution that ousted MUBARAK. The uncertain political, security, and policy environment since 2011 has restricted economic growth and failed to alleviate persistent unemployment, especially among the young. In late 2016, persistent dollar shortages and waning aid from its Gulf allies led Cairo to turn to the IMF for a 3-year, $12 billion loan program. To secure the deal, Cairo floated its currency, introduced new taxes, and cut energy subsidies - all of which pushed inflation above 30% for most of 2017, a high that had not been seen in a generation. Since the currency float, foreign investment in Egypt’s high interest treasury bills has risen exponentially, boosting both dollar availability and central bank reserves. Cairo will be challenged to obtain foreign and local investment in manufacturing and other sectors without a sustained effort to implement a range of business reforms.
GDP (purchasing power parity): $1.204 trillion (2017 est.) $1.155 trillion (2016 est.) $1.107 trillion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $236.5 billion (2017 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 4.2% (2017 est.) 4.3% (2016 est.) 4.4% (2015 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): $12,700 (2017 est.) $12,800 (2016 est.) $12,400 (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Gross national saving: 9% of GDP (2017 est.) 9.1% of GDP (2016 est.) 10.6% of GDP (2015 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 86.8% (2017 est.) government consumption: 10.1% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 14.8% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0.5% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 16.3% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -28.5% (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 11.7% (2017 est.) industry: 34.3% (2017 est.) services: 54% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - products: cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats
Industries: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures
Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 29.95 million (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 25.8%
industry: 25.1%
services: 49.1% (2015 est.)
Unemployment rate: 12.2% (2017 est.) 12.7% (2016 est.)
Population below poverty line: 27.8% (2016 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 26.6% (2008)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 31.8 (2015) 29.8 (2012)
Budget: revenues: 42.32 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 62.61 billion (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 17.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -8.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 103% of GDP (2017 est.) 96.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23.5% (2017 est.) 10.2% (2016 est.)
Current account balance: -$14.92 billion (2017 est.) -$19.83 billion (2016 est.)
Exports: $23.3 billion (2017 est.) $20.02 billion (2016 est.)
Exports - commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals, processed food
Exports - partners: UAE 10.9%, Italy 10%, US 7.4%, UK 5.7%, Turkey 4.4%, Germany 4.3%, India 4.3% (2017)
Imports: $59.78 billion (2017 est.) $57.84 billion (2016 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels
Imports - partners: China 7.9%, UAE 5.2%, Germany 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.6%, US 4.4%, Russia 4.3% (2017)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $35.89 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $23.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $77.47 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $62.38 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $106.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $97.14 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $7.426 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $7.257 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares: $27.35 billion (30 December 2016 est.) $25.07 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $26.33 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
Exchange rates: Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar - 18.05 (2017 est.) 8.8 (2016 est.) 10.07 (2015 est.) 7.7133 (2014 est.) 7.08 (2013 est.)
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 Energy
Electricity - production: 183.5 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 159.7 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports: 1.158 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Electricity - imports: 54 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 45.12 million kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 91% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 589,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 246,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 64,760 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 4.4 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 547,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 878,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 47,360 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 280,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 50.86 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 57.71 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 212.4 million cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 7.079 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 2.186 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy: 232.7 million Mt (2017 est.)
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 Communications
Cellular Phones in use: total subscriptions: 102,958,194
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 106 (2017 est.)
Telephone system: general assessment: one of the largest fixed-line systems in Africa and the Arab region; 4 mobile-cellular networks (3 international and 1 local) cover most populated area of Egypt; Telecom Egypt, the country's only fixed-line operator, is 80% state owned; principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; launch of LTE in late 2017 greatly helped the capabilities of mobile broadband services and will continue to do so for future development (2018)

domestic: fixed-line 8 per 100, mobile-cellular 101 per 100 (2018)

international: country code - 20; landing point for Aletar, the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks, Link Around the Globe (FLAG) Falcon and FLAG FEA; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat); tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel; MENA subsea cable came into commercial use in late 2015, augmenting the country's considerable international bandwidth
Broadcast media: mix of state-run and private broadcast media; state-run TV operates 2 national and 6 regional terrestrial networks, as well as a few satellite channels; dozens of private satellite channels and a large number of Arabic satellite channels are available for free; some limited satellite services are also available via subscription; state-run radio operates about 30 stations belonging to 8 networks; privately-owned radio includes 8 major stations, 4 of which belong to 1 network (2019)
Internet country code: .eg
Internet users: total: 38
percent of population: 44.3%
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 Transportation
Airports: 83 (2013)
Airports (paved runways): total 72
(2017) over 3,047 m: 15 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 36 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 (2017)
under 914 m: 6 (2017)
Airports (unpaved runways): total 11
(2013)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2013)
under 914 m: 3 (2013)
Heliports: 7 (2013)
Pipelines: 486 km condensate, 74 km condensate/gas, 7986 km gas, 957 km liquid petroleum gas, 5225 km oil, 37 km oil/gas/water, 895 km refined products, 65 km water (2013)
Railways: total 5,085 km
(2014) standard gauge: 5,085 km 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified) (2014)
Roadways: total 65,050 km
(2017) paved: 48,000 km (2017)
unpaved: 17,050 km (2017)
Waterways: 3,500 km (includes the Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in Nile Delta; the Suez Canal (193.5 km including approaches) is navigable by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 17.68 m) (2011)
Merchant marine: total 389

by type: bulk carrier 14, container ship 8, general cargo 33, oil tanker 36, other 298 (2018)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Mediterranean Sea - Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Port Said oil terminal(s): Ain Sukhna terminal, Sidi Kerir terminal container port(s) (TEUs): Alexandria (1,613,000), Port Said (East) (2,968,308) (2017) LNG terminal(s) (export): Damietta, Idku (Abu Qir Bay) Gulf of Suez - Suez
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 Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Forces (2018)
Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for male conscript military service; service obligation - 18-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; voluntary enlistment possible from age 15 (2017)
Military expenditures: 2-3% of GDP according to President ELSISI (March 2017) 1.67% of GDP (2016) 1.72% of GDP (2015) 1.69% of GDP (2014) 1.61% of GDP (2013)
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 Transnational Issues
Disputes - International: Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in Sudan on its maps; Gazan breaches in the security wall with Egypt in January 2008 highlight difficulties in monitoring the Sinai border; Saudi Arabia claims Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 70,021 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2017); 131,433 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 43,003 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 16,341 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 16,137 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 15,898 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,903 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,752 (Iraq) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2019) IDPs: 97,000 (2018)
Illicit drugs: transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to Europe, Israel, and North Africa; transit stop for Nigerian drug couriers; concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of financial regulations
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   Source: CIA - The World Factbook
 

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